Herbert Hoover
31st President of the United States
Under the Constitution of 1787
March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933
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Under the Constitution of 1787
March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933
March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933
HERBERT CLARK HOOVER was born on August 1, 1874 in West Branch, Iowa, the second of three children of devote Quakers. His father, Jesse Clark Hoover was the village blacksmith, and his mother was Huldah Randall Minthorn. When young Hoover was only six years old, his father died of typhoid fever and less than three years later, his mother died of pneumonia. In 1884, the children moved to Newberg, Oregon to live with their mother’s brother, Henry John Minthorn, a country doctor who had a strong interest in education. In Newberg, Hoover worked on a farm and he attended a Quaker academy that his uncle helped direct.
Students and Teachers of US History this is a video of Stanley and Christopher Klos presenting America's Four United Republics Curriculum at the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School. The December 2015 video was an impromptu capture by a member of the audience of Penn students, professors and guests that numbered about 200.
In 1888, young Hoover worked as an office boy in a land settlement office in nearby Salem and he studied mathematics attending night school. His professor of mathematics, Joseph Swain, helped him gain admittance to the new Leland Stanford Junior University in Palo Alto, California. A coincidental meeting with an engineer in Salem resulted in his resolve to study engineering, and he was admitted in 1891 to Stanford’s first class. He worked his way through college, typing, doing laundry and working as a secretary for a geology professor. During his senior year, he met a young geology student from Iowa, Lou Henry, who would later become his wife. He graduated with his bachelor’s degree in mining engineering in May 1895.
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After graduation, Hoover worked in gold mining in California and Colorado. He then joined the staff of a leading mining engineer in San Francisco, who recommended him to the London mining firm of Bewick, Moreing and Company, in 1897. Hoover introduced California mining methods to the company’s Western Australia operations. While in Australia, Hoover suggested the company purchase an extremely productive gold mine, and he was rewarded with a substantial increase in salary. He turned to the administrative side of the business, working with the government and bargaining with labor. A year later, the company offered him a position as chief engineer of the Chinese Engineering and Mining Company. Hoover accepted, but returned to Monterey, California, where on February 10, 1899, he married Lou Henry. They would eventually have two sons: Herbert Clark Hoover (1903 – 1969) and Allan Henry Hoover (1907 – 1993).
The couple arrived in Peking in March 1899. During the Boxer Rebellion in June and July of 1900, the Hoovers risked their lives transporting food and medical supplies to the besieged foreigners, walled up in the city. Later that year, they returned to London, where Hoover was given a one-fifth interest in Bewick, Moreing and Company, which had mines in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Canada and Nevada. They had gold, silver, tin, copper, coal and lead mines, and they also owned a turquoise mine in Egypt. Hoover became a well-known consulting engineer and by 1914 he was managing director or chief consulting engineer in a score of mining companies. By the age of 34, he had acquired worldwide recognition in his profession, as well as interests and chairmanships in a number of mining companies. He organized a firm of consulting engineers that also had worldwide interests and his travels did not stop. He published books on metals and mining engineering and gave lectures at Stanford and Columbia universities.
When World War I began, Hoover was asked to organize and direct an American Relief Committee, aiding stranded and penniless Americans in Europe. Hoover became a public figure and was appointed as head of the Commission for Relief in Belgium, bringing him world fame. When the United States entered the War in April 1917, President Wilson appointed Hoover the U.S. food administrator, working to increase food production, reduce consumption, eliminate waste, stabilize prices and improve distribution. After the War ended, Hoover returned to Europe and established the American Relief Administration, to assist in the economic restoration and the feeding millions of diseased and undernourished children.
Returning to the United States in September 1919, Hoover’s friends launched a campaign to give him the nomination for president. He did not get the nomination, but the new Republican President, Warren G. Harding, offered Hoover the position as Secretary of Commerce, which he accepted and continued to hold under Harding’s successor, Coolidge. As head of the Department of Commerce, Hoover strengthened and expanded its activities, especially into federal regulation of the new technologies of radio broadcasting and commercial aviation.
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Honorable Alfred E. Smith, Governor of New York May 28, 1925 My dear Mr. Governor: Pursuant to my letter of April 24th and your kindly cooperation in instruction with the representative of the fish commission on your State, a conference of Atlantic Coast fish commissioners was held here on the 22nd instant. After an exhaustive discussion of the great depletion now in progress in respect to our resources of certain species of littoral fish, particularly shad, lobster, sturgeon and salmon, and the general acknowledgment that the problem cannot be solved except by joint action amongst the States, I was asked, subject to your cooperation, to create the Atlantic Fisheries Commission to be comprised of one representative from the fish commission of each State concerned, together with the Federal Commissioner of Fisheries. It is proposed that this Commission shall study the method which might be adopted by uniform or joint action between States in order to solve this important problem of conservation. I enclose herewith a statement which I made to the conference indicating my belief in the undesirability of an extension of Federal authority, stating that the problem can be best solved by securing cohesive interstate action. I should be glad if you would give consideration to the matter and if approved does it make to me the gentleman who we represent your state on this Commission . it is my purpose to seek a small appropriation from Congress to cover its expenses the pending such an arrangement I am in the hopes that the states can see their way to pay travel expenses of their individual Representatives. The federal government in the meantime we'll furnish clerical legal and expert assistance which the commission will required Yours Faithfully Herbert Hoover |
When President Calvin Coolidge withdrew from the 1928 presidential race, the Republican Party nomination was wide open. At the June convention, Hoover was nominated on the first ballot, and named Charles Curtis, the U.S. Senator from Kansas, as candidate for vice president. Aided by the country’s prosperity, plus anti-Catholic sentiment against Democrat Al Smith, Hoover swept to victory. Hoover carried every Northern state except Massachusetts and Rhode Island with 444 electoral votes to Smith’s 87 and 21,437,277 popular votes to Smith’s 15,007,698.
The country was extraordinarily prosperous when Hoover began his administration, with large Republican majorities in Congress. Early in his administration he attacked the problem of low agriculture prices due to an increase in productivity and the amount of land being farmed. In April 1929, he called a special session of Congress and the Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929 was enacted, establishing the first large-scale government program to aid the farmer in peacetime.
Seven months into his Presidency, On October 29, 1929, “Black Tuesday”, the stock market crash plunged thousands of businesses and individuals into bankruptcy, ushering in the most extended economic downturn in American history, the Great Depression. At first Hoover felt the financial catastrophe was simply panic and that the economy was sound and would soon return to normal. However, public confidence was not restored and he was forced to propose direct action by the government to defeat the depression. Hoover cut taxes, increased public works and created the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to make government loans. But he drew the line at direct loans to individuals, even though more than 12 million Americans were unemployed. Shanty towns of homeless families became known as “Hoovervilles”, and the Democrats regained their majority in the Congressional elections of 1930.
Hoover was defeated before he even ran for reelection, as the Democrats had blamed the Republicans and the president for the depression. Running against Franklin D. Roosevelt, Governor of New York, the Republicans were branded the “Party of hard times”. Roosevelt won the election in November 1932 with 472 electoral votes to Hoover’s 59. The popular vote for Roosevelt was 22,829,501 and Hoover received 15,760,684.
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| Blessed are the young, for they shall inherit the national debt - Herbert Hoover |
Hoover settled in his Palo Alto, California home after retiring from the presidency. He donated his 20,000 volume Hoover Library on War, Revolution and Peace to Stanford University. He remained active in politics, figuring prominently in the 1940 Republican National Convention. He served in Europe at President Truman’s request after World War II, recommending ways to avert a postwar famine and again in 1947 when he was named chairman of the Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of Government, which is commonly called the Hoover Commission. He maintained throughout his old age an impressive schedule of writing and public speaking. He wrote The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson (1958) when he was 83, the first book ever written by one president about another whom he had served.
Hoover died on October 20, 1964, at the age of 90. He had survived beyond his term of office longer than any president ever had.
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October 22, 1774
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October 22, 1774
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October 26, 1774
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July 2, 1776 to February 28, 1781
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October 29, 1777
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November 1, 1777
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December 9, 1778
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December 10, 1778
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September 28, 1779
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July 6, 1781
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Declined Office
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November 5, 1781
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November 2, 1783
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Presidents of the United States of America
D-Democratic Party, F-Federalist Party, I-Independent, R-Republican Party, R* Republican Party of Jefferson & W-Whig Party
(1789-1797)
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*Confederate States of America
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(1857-1861)
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United Colonies Continental Congress
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President
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18th Century Term
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Age
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Elizabeth "Betty" Harrison Randolph (1745-1783)
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09/05/74 – 10/22/74
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29
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Mary Williams Middleton (1741- 1761) Deceased
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Henry Middleton
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10/22–26/74
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n/a
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Elizabeth "Betty" Harrison Randolph (1745–1783)
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05/20/ 75 - 05/24/75
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30
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Dorothy Quincy Hancock Scott (1747-1830)
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05/25/75 – 07/01/76
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28
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United States Continental Congress
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President
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Term
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Age
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Dorothy Quincy Hancock Scott (1747-1830)
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07/02/76 – 10/29/77
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29
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Eleanor Ball Laurens (1731- 1770) Deceased
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Henry Laurens
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11/01/77 – 12/09/78
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n/a
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Sarah Livingston Jay (1756-1802)
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12/ 10/78 – 09/28/78
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21
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Martha Huntington (1738/39–1794)
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09/29/79 – 02/28/81
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41
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United States in Congress Assembled
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President
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Term
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Age
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Martha Huntington (1738/39–1794)
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03/01/81 – 07/06/81
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42
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Sarah Armitage McKean (1756-1820)
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07/10/81 – 11/04/81
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25
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Jane Contee Hanson (1726-1812)
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11/05/81 - 11/03/82
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55
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Hannah Stockton Boudinot (1736-1808)
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11/03/82 - 11/02/83
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46
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Sarah Morris Mifflin (1747-1790)
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11/03/83 - 11/02/84
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36
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Anne Gaskins Pinkard Lee (1738-1796)
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11/20/84 - 11/19/85
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46
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Dorothy Quincy Hancock Scott (1747-1830)
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11/23/85 – 06/06/86
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38
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Rebecca Call Gorham (1744-1812)
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06/06/86 - 02/01/87
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42
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Phoebe Bayard St. Clair (1743-1818)
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02/02/87 - 01/21/88
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43
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Christina Stuart Griffin (1751-1807)
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01/22/88 - 01/29/89
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36
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Constitution of 1787
First Ladies |
President
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Term
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Age
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April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797
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57
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March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1801
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52
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Martha Wayles Jefferson Deceased
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September 6, 1782 (Aged 33)
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n/a
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March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817
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40
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March 4, 1817 – March 4, 1825
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48
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March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829
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50
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December 22, 1828 (aged 61)
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n/a
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February 5, 1819 (aged 35)
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n/a
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March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841
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65
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April 4, 1841 – September 10, 1842
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50
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June 26, 1844 – March 4, 1845
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23
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March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849
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41
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March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850
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60
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July 9, 1850 – March 4, 1853
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52
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March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857
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46
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n/a
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n/a
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March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
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42
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February 22, 1862 – May 10, 1865
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April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869
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54
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March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877
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43
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March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881
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45
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March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881
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48
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January 12, 1880 (Aged 43)
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n/a
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June 2, 1886 – March 4, 1889
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21
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March 4, 1889 – October 25, 1892
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56
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June 2, 1886 – March 4, 1889
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28
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March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901
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49
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September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1909
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40
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March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913
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47
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March 4, 1913 – August 6, 1914
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52
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December 18, 1915 – March 4, 1921
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43
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March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923
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60
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August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1929
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44
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March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933
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54
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March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945
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48
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April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1953
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60
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January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961
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56
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January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963
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31
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November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1969
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50
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January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974
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56
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August 9, 1974 – January 20, 1977
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56
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January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981
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49
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January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989
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59
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January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993
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63
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January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001
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45
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January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009
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54
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January 20, 2009 to date
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45
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Capitals of the United Colonies and States of America
Philadelphia
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Sept. 5, 1774 to Oct. 24, 1774
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Philadelphia
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May 10, 1775 to Dec. 12, 1776
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Baltimore
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Dec. 20, 1776 to Feb. 27, 1777
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Philadelphia
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March 4, 1777 to Sept. 18, 1777
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Lancaster
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September 27, 1777
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York
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Sept. 30, 1777 to June 27, 1778
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Philadelphia
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July 2, 1778 to June 21, 1783
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Princeton
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June 30, 1783 to Nov. 4, 1783
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Annapolis
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Nov. 26, 1783 to Aug. 19, 1784
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Trenton
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Nov. 1, 1784 to Dec. 24, 1784
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New York City
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Jan. 11, 1785 to Nov. 13, 1788
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New York City
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October 6, 1788 to March 3,1789
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New York City
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